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Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the most important Western philosophers of the pastfew centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as an original physicist,physiologist and mathematician. But it is as a highly original philosopher that he is mostfrequently read today. He attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction. For example, hisphilosophy refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions that had dominatedphilosophical thought throughout the Medieval period; it attempted to fully integratephilosophy with the "new" sciences; and Descartes changed the relationship between philosophyand theology. Such new directions for philosophy made Descartes into a revolutionaryfigure.
The two most widely known of Descartes philosophical ideas are those of a method ofhyperbolic doubt, and the argument that, though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that heexists. The first of these comprises a key aspect of Descartes philosophical method. As notedabove, he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers - but he also refused toaccept the obviousness of his own senses. In the search for a foundation for philosophy,whatever could be doubted must be rejected. He resolves to trust only that which is clearly anddistinctly seen to be beyond any doubt. In this manner, Descartes peels away the layers ofbeliefs and opinions that clouded his view of the truth. But, very little remains, only the simplefact of doubting itself, and the inescapable inference that something exists doubting, namelyDescartes himself.
His next task is to reconstruct our knowledge piece by piece, such that at no stage is thepossibility of doubt allowed to creep back in. In this manner, Descartes proves that he himselfmust have the basic characterisitc of thinking, and that this thinking thing (mind) is quitedistinct from his body; the existence of a God; the existence and nature of the external world;and so on. What is important in this for Descartes is, first, that he is showing that knowledge isgenuinely possible (and thus that sceptics must be mistaken), and, second, that, moreparticularly, a mathematically-ba
Descartes work was influential, although his studies in physics and the other naturalsciences much less so than his mathematical and philosophical work. Throughout the 17th and18th Centuries, Descartes philosophical ghost was always present; Locke, Hume, Leibniz andeven Kant felt compelled to philosophical entanglement with this intellectual giant. For thesereasons, Descartes is often called the "father" of modern philosophy.
This article provides an overview of Descartes philosophical thought following the order ofhis most famous and widely-studied book, the Meditations on First Philosophy.
勒内·笛卡尔(Rene Descartes,1596——1650),著名的法国哲学家、科学家和数学家。 笛卡尔常作笛卡儿,1596年3月31日生于法国安德尔-卢瓦尔省笛卡尔-1650年2月11日逝于瑞典斯德哥尔摩)。 他对现代数学的发展做出了重要的贡献,因将几何坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。他还是西方现代哲学思想的奠基人,是近代唯物论的开拓者提出了“普遍怀疑”的主张。他的哲学思想深深影响了之后的几代欧洲人,开拓了所谓“欧陆理性主义”哲学。
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